Acknowledgements
Introduction
Chapter Ⅰ
What Magellan Saw in the “Philippines”
１. Encounters of Smiles and Fear
People Who Know the Ways of the World
Cheerful, Talkative, and Heavy Drinkers
A Broadside Salvo: The Shock of Firepower
2. A Westward Course to the Spice Islands
Portugal Pioneers of the Eastern Route
Magellan’s Ambition and the Spanish Crown’s Design
The Desired Spices Were Not There
3. A Multinational Crew—and the Basques
A Fever for Overseas Ventures
Loading the Holds with Gifts and Goods
Seafaring Peoples with a Spirit of Enterprise
Chapter Ⅱ
From the Cabo Deseado to the Uncharted Ocean
1. Entering the Rio de la Plata
The Carrack Takes Center Stage
Caciques—Chiefs of Local Communities
Names Shaped by Wishes and Misunderstandings
2. Seeds of Discord Surface within the Fleet
Encounter with Tall People
Turn Back, or Push On?
The Riddle of the Charts Magellan Consulted
Obsession and Providence Lead to an “Exit”
3. A Tranquil Sea and Appalling Hunger
Shifting from WNW to NW
What Happened to the Abundant Bounty of the Sea?
A Tragedy Stemming from Misunderstanding
Chapter Ⅲ
People and Everyday Life in Barangay Society
1. The “Blood Compact” with the Rajah of Cebu
Ships Entering the Port Must Pay a Tax
The Surest Token of Friendship
Cebu as a Trading Hub
2. From 800 Baptisms to Over 80 Million
The Day of the First Mass
Top-Down Mass Conversion and Its Consequences
The Magellan Cross that “Cured all Ailments”
3. Self-Sufficient Hamlets Scattered Across the Islands
Long Ago, People Came by Sea
Dense Social Ties as Communal Glue
Expanding, Contracting, and Moving
4. Clothing, Food, Housing—and Sanitary Practices
Stilt Houses: Environmentally Adaptive and Sustainable
Feasting to Seal Relations
Making Use of the Space Beneath the Floor
Sit or Squat, Wipe or Wash?
5. A Comparative Cultural Perspective
European Conceptions of the Body: Discipline, Control, and
Representation
Indigenous Philippine Conceptions of the Body: Openness and Social
Mediation
Moments of Intersection: The Observed Body and the Observing Body
Cultural Asymmetry and Its Historical Meaning
Chapter Ⅳ
Leaving Footprints in History
1. Away vs. Home: The Battle on Unfamiliar Turf
Marching Out After Declining Reinforcements
Islanders Labeled “Indios”
“Celebrate Lapulapu More”
2. The Laurels of the First Circumnavigation Go to Elcano
Killing and Being Killed; Plundering and Being Plundered
The Discovery of the One-Day-Gap
Beyond the 18 aboard The Victoria, How Many Ultimately Returned?
Famous for Charcoal Grilled Turbot
3. The Expanding Legend of “Enrique the Slave”
Where Was He From?
After the Incident, He Vanished from the Record
“A Freebie with the Furniture”—and the balikbayan
4. Unearthing National Pride
Seen as a “Gentle and Modest People”
Traditional Culture at the Bedrock
Steadfast and Resilient
5. Was “Zipangu” the Philippines?
Mining Overseas Historical Sources
Clues of Gold Scattered Through the Voyage Narratives
Reappraising Tribal Tattoos
Chapter Ⅴ
Magellan’s Legacies: The World That Followed
1. Catch the Fair Winds, Ride the Currents
Vastness Beyond Imagination
Urdaneta Opens the Pacific Return Route
Clockwise Ocean Gyres in the Northern Hemisphere
2. The Manila Galleon: A Silver-and-Silk Road at Sea
Pushing Back the Northward Wave of Islam
The Relay Trade Lasted 250 Years
A Forerunner of Globalization
3. The Columbian Exchange—People, Goods, and Cultures in Motion
How Sweet Potatoes and Tobacco Arrived
“Manilamen” and Lafcadio Hearn
Mexican Boys Who Carried the Vaccine
4. Las Islas Felipinas—Naming of a Colony
Islands of the East Were Islands of the West
Prince Felipe‘s Namesake Realm
The Invincible Armada Was Not “Invincible”
5. The Birth of the Filipino
Urban Design that Made Status and Power Visible
Building “Row Houses” with Catholicism as the Crossbeam
The Rift Between Head Office Expats and Local Hires
Chapter Ⅵ
Manila, the Chinese Community, and the Origins of Japan–Philippines Relations
1. The Trading Hub as an "Oriental Cosmopolis"
The Planned City of 800,000
A Walled Enclave of Privilege
2. Coexistence and Mutual Benefit-with Caution Toward the Chinese
Trade Ceramics from the 9th Century Unearthed
The World’s Oldest Surviving Chinatown
3. Japan–Philippines People-to-People Relations: Constrained by State Power
Trade Promotion Breeds a Dilemma
Christian Mission and Territorial Ambitions
A Bid to Enter the Galleon Trade?
Japanese Settlements Across the “South Seas”
Chapter Ⅶ
The Age of Navigation—Asia in Its Aftermath
1. Pragmatic Acceptance and a “Positive List” Approach
Xavier Brought Spectacles, Too
Encounter with the Protestant Dutch
The “Sakoku” Policy Fostered Self-Sufficiency
2. Pandemic Helped Open the way to the Age of Navigation
A World Without “Monsters”
From Renaissance to the Counter Reformation
Three Oceans Interlinked
3. Drawn to Asia’s Wealth
Zheng He’s “Grand Voyages”
One Merchantman Equals 2,000 Camels
The Allure of Eastern Goods
The Aorta Swallows the Capillaries
4. The Unintended Spread of Marine Life
Ballast as a Vector
Wakame : A Notorious Invasive Species
Afterword — Amid Currents that Invite Us to Rethink History
The Blown-Off Tip of the Magellan Monument
Around the World After Magellan
“Age of Discovery” or “Age of Navigation”


Appendices
The 18 Surviving Crewmen Who Returned to Spain
Aboard the Victoria
Top 10 Tycoons of the Philippines Wealth and Industries
Chronology I: Magellan–Elcano Circumnavigation
Chronology II: Major Events during the Age of Navigation
Bibliography